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What is retrograde motion?

  1. A large cloud of dust and gas.

  2. The movement of planets in a backward (westward) direction relative to the stars.

  3. A small body moving in the solar system.

  4. The mass of an atom.

The correct answer is: The movement of planets in a backward (westward) direction relative to the stars.

Retrograde motion refers specifically to the apparent backward (westward) movement of planets in the sky, as observed from Earth's perspective. It is a result of the differing orbital speeds and paths of Earth and the planets, and does not refer to a specific type of body or object like a cloud of dust and gas (A), small body (C), or the mass of an atom (D). Therefore, these options are incorrect in relation to the question about retrograde motion.